We need to first understand the following five adult learning orientations or schools has proponents who define the principles of instructional design for that theory and identify forms of evaluation (assessment of whether learning has occurred):
1. Cognitivist (Cg): It focuses on how humans learn using internal processes of acquiring, understanding, and retaining knowledge. Cognitivists believe that learning occurs when humans reorganize experiences, making sense of input from the environment.
2. Behaviourist (B): They concentrate on learning through control of the external environment. Their emphasis is on changing behavior through processes such as operant conditioning and positive reinforcement.
3. Humanist (H): They believe that learning must be geared to the development of the whole person; they place emphasis on learner motivation, attitudes, perceptions, and values. Members of this school embrace self-directed learning.
4. Social /collaborative (S): It focuses on the social context in which people learn, focusing on how they learn through interacting with and observing other people.
5. Constructivist (Cn): They stresses that the learner rather than the teacher develops knowledge and asserts that creating opportunities for knowledge construction by the learner eclipses any direct instruction provided by a teacher. Constructivism is best suited to content that is fluid and flexible, with no “right” answer.
Example of Instructional technology:
1. Classroom learning: Cg, B
2. Computer Based Training(CBT): Cg, B
3. Threaded Discussion: Cg, H, S, Cn
4. Electronic Performance Support System (EPSS): Cg, Cn
5. Learning Content Management System (LCMS): Cg, B, H, S, Cn
6. Synchronous communication through Chat, texting: Cg
7. PPT and Video as training material: B
8. CD/DVD ROM/ Mobile learning (Palm held devices): B
9. Audio (postcad): B
10. Video files: B
11. Instructor and student networked computer: H, Cn
12. Simulation: Cn
1. Cognitivist (Cg): It focuses on how humans learn using internal processes of acquiring, understanding, and retaining knowledge. Cognitivists believe that learning occurs when humans reorganize experiences, making sense of input from the environment.
2. Behaviourist (B): They concentrate on learning through control of the external environment. Their emphasis is on changing behavior through processes such as operant conditioning and positive reinforcement.
3. Humanist (H): They believe that learning must be geared to the development of the whole person; they place emphasis on learner motivation, attitudes, perceptions, and values. Members of this school embrace self-directed learning.
4. Social /collaborative (S): It focuses on the social context in which people learn, focusing on how they learn through interacting with and observing other people.
5. Constructivist (Cn): They stresses that the learner rather than the teacher develops knowledge and asserts that creating opportunities for knowledge construction by the learner eclipses any direct instruction provided by a teacher. Constructivism is best suited to content that is fluid and flexible, with no “right” answer.
Example of Instructional technology:
1. Classroom learning: Cg, B
2. Computer Based Training(CBT): Cg, B
3. Threaded Discussion: Cg, H, S, Cn
4. Electronic Performance Support System (EPSS): Cg, Cn
5. Learning Content Management System (LCMS): Cg, B, H, S, Cn
6. Synchronous communication through Chat, texting: Cg
7. PPT and Video as training material: B
8. CD/DVD ROM/ Mobile learning (Palm held devices): B
9. Audio (postcad): B
10. Video files: B
11. Instructor and student networked computer: H, Cn
12. Simulation: Cn
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